Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Virgin Atlantic A Premium Brand - Essay Example Premium Economy class offered by Virgin constitutes a major chunk of its business that provides larger seats, priority in baggage reclaim, a cabin-exclusive crew, dedicated check-in and more that distinguishes them from the other airliners. Over these years, the VA brand is recognised as one of the most reliable and consumer-friendly air carrier that people have been ready to pay premium on their air travel; however, post 2008 financial crisis has caused major upheavals in the aviation industry. In last couple of years, numerous mergers have taken place among the major airliners and that has posed a grave threat to the VA. It becomes utmost necessary that Virgin forms a suitable merger or a strategic partnership with some other large airlines to improve its competitive edge over its rivals. Introduction Virgin airlines (VA) began its operations a way back in 1984 with a single route to New York; however, expanding its operations ever since then, currently, the Virgin flies to more th an 30 destinations with total 38 aircrafts at its disposal. At the home turf, Virgin competes with British Airways (BA) and holds number two position right behind BA beating many US carriers in the process. Competing with BA at all major routes is a big feat indeed! The paper aims at identifying and analysing the competitive strategy that Virgin Atlantic has deployed all these years against the formidable airlines of the world. Virgin Atlantic's Mission Statement Virgin Atlantic's mission statement is "To grow a profitable airline, that people love to fly and where people love to work" (Strategy and Policy, 2012). Objectives VA’s long-term objective is to grow and expand into a profitable airline creating a strong brand name in the aviation industry. In a bid to fulfill these objectives, the company moved to Heathrow in 1991. Since then the company has been able to push through many routes and several markets. Creating Competitive Strategy Lomax and Raman (2006) define compet itive advantage as the means that are necessary for the company to outperform its rivals in terms of earning higher than average profits. Hooley et al. (2008) argue that a well-formulated marketing strategy should be in place based on the competitive environment in which the company operates. Product positioning or niche marketing can derive benefits to the company when harnessed strategically (Johnson, 2011). Virgin competes with British Airways, Continental, American Airlines, United and Delta on transatlantic routes; BA, Cathay Pacific, ANA, and JAL to the Far East; SAA and BA to South Africa. Virgin has instituted a two class system for its passengers: Economy class and Upper Class. Economy class is further segmented into Premium Economy and Economy Class. Virgin employs several marketing techniques using its distinct logo to market its products and services that include print media, electronic media, taxi sides, outdoor posters. The sole purpose is to increase the awareness amo ng consumers about its products and services and inform the people about new routes. During off seasons, tactical promotional schemes are offered to increase the occupancy rates in air routes. Direct mail is another method used to inform about the new offerings and services. Frequent flyer programmes are used to increase the loyalty among existing customers.

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace paper Essay

Intercultural Communication in the Workplace paper - Essay Example This is what good actors do and there is a difference between a ‘wooden actor’ and ‘expressive actor’ who conveys whole reams of feelings with expressions, dialogues and inflexion of speech. It is not just enough to be good looking or to have a good voice and while these help to enhance the impact, a poor speaker cannot rely on only these physical traits. â€Å"Language is our principal means of communicating, but it isn’t the only one we use. We communicate whenever we transmit information about ourselves to others and receive such information from them. Our facial expressions, bodily stances, gestures, and movements, even if unconscious, convey information and are part of our communication styles" (Chapter 15, p. 256). In organizations, particularly during team meetings or convocations, an effective speaker manages to get over physical barriers such as plan looks, thick accents and other barriers but still manage to keep people interested, by gaugi ng their mood and changing tonal inflexions. This is a very important issue in intercultural communication, to keep the audience interested and at the same time get your message through. By culture, we mean the accepted norms of social behavior and acceptance of what is right and what is wrong and what is ethical. To give an example, a woman smoking in US or Europe would not be noticed but a similar action in Arab countries would raise a lot of attention. Organizations such as Microsoft, Ford, GM, Toyota, British Petroleum and many others that operate globally need to adapt to various cultures and understand these norms yet remain committed to their core values. This is an area that is best handled by effective intercultural communication and the skill is in using an inclusive method where the message blends across cultures and brings a sense of uniformity. This requires skill and experience and simple language, checked for

Substance abuse and mental health service administration Research Paper

Substance abuse and mental health service administration - Research Paper Example Of this number, 36.2 million do not have substance abuse disorder. Comparatively 20.8 million or about 9% of the US adult population had SUD, but 11.9 million of them had no mental illness. The convergence of the blue and yellow circles represented by the green portion, or 8.9 million, accounts for those who both had substance use and mental health disorder at the same time. This suggests that about 4% of the US adult population in 2009 suffered from co-morbidity of substance abuse and mental illness (SAMSHA, 2010b). As indicated graphically in Figure 2, there were more substance users among US adults with mental illness in 2009 than in 2008, across all the illicit substances considered in the figure. It may be observed that Marijuana use increased by 10% in 2009, while use of psychotherapeutics posted an increment of 8.6%, and cocaine use swelled by 2.9%. Hallucinogens, inhalants and Heroin registered usage growth of 2.4%, 0.9% and 0.6% respectively (SAMSHA, 2010b). These statistics suggests that substance use among adults with mental illness dramatically increased between 2008 and 2009. In terms of rehabilitation, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2010b) reported that 30.2 million adults received mental health services in 2009. Approximately the same percentage was reported for 2008 (13%). However, more than half of the 8.9 million adults who had both mental illness and substance use disorders were found to have received no treatment for either one of the co-morbid disorders. As depicted in Figure 3, 55.8% or close to 5 million of adults with both substance abuse and mental health disorders did not receive any treatment. Of those who received treatment, 32.9% or about 3 million received treatment for mental health only and 3.8% or 0.34 million received treatment for substance use only. Only 7.4% or 0.66 million were able to receive care and treatment for both mental

The body is a tool through which to construct the self Essay - 1

The body is a tool through which to construct the self - Essay Example The essay "The body is a tool through which to construct the self" discovers the Body in the context of Fashion. When it comes to analyzing the relationship between the society and a human being, little attention is paid to the role of body. It would not be an exaggeration to point out that humans are creatures that possess a dual nature: in spite of the fact that spiritual constituent of the identity is important, the material one is also essential for developing a correct understanding of a human being. That is why it would be particularly important to shed light on the issue that has largely been overlooked as the former constituent is regarded as an object of bigger interest than the latter. This paper will analyze the relationship between body and society, engaging evidence that is taken from academic literature and group the findings in the following categories: the temporal aspect; body as reflection of culture; body and fashion; the role of body on television; body as a platf orm for new gender. As it has already been noted, the relationship between body and society could be traced to the very emergence of the latter. That is why the analysis of it should start from a careful examination of views on body in the previous times. Thus, it is quite obvious that the categories that influenced the public opinion of the previous ages are quite different from the contemporary ones. So, by examining the cultural and ethical dominants of the past one might reconstruct the role of body in the society.

Trovan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trovan - Essay Example Trovan of Pfizer, an unapproved drug, was administered in children at the hospital of Kano in 1996, which came to the public attention only in December 2000. Pfizer picked approximately 200 children for their clinical trial, of which 100 children were administered with Trovan whereas the other half was treated with the standard anti-meningitis drug Ceftriaxone that also acted as the control group. The children who were treated with Ceftriaxone, a cephalosporin antibiotic, were given an initial dosage level of 100 mg/kg dose which was subsequently reduced to 33 mg/kg to reduce the pain caused by intramuscular injection. These children, who had reached the hospital for their treatment of meningitis, were hand-picked randomly by the doctors of Pfizer. These children were also given tags to identify the drug they received. These two batches of children continued their treatment with Trovan and Ceftriaxone for five consecutive days and were monitored either in the hospital or out-patient clinics, depending on their health. Those children who required additional care were transferred to another hospital at the expense of Pfizer. The study was concluded after four weeks and a follow-up exam was conducted by Pfizer. The results at the end of the trial conducted at Kano IDH recorded a survival rate of 94.4% at Kanos IDH against the overall survival rate in Nigeria of 90%. However, this anti-meningitis trial treatment was not devoid of mortality issues. Five children out of 100 children treated with Trovan and six out of 100 children treated with the standard drug Ceftriaxone died after the treatment. Though the follow-up conducted by the Pfizer team reported that there were no unusual side-effects, unrelated to meningitis, the children treated with Trovan did develop symptoms of arthritis, though no evidence relating the drug to this development is available. Trovan was being developed for its

Global Culture and New Culture Essay Example for Free

Global Culture and New Culture Essay The concept of Global Culture is defined as the idea of a â€Å"one world culture† wherein the â€Å"earth’s inhabitants will lose their cultural diversity and one culture will be experienced by all people† (Oregon State University, 2008). At present, this kind of phenomenon is one of the most controversial issues that is being discusses and debated by numerous scholars especially in its relation to the changes that is currently happening in the world. However, the idea of a global culture is not a new subject matter, as it had been perceived by previous notable personalities. This is greatly exemplified by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel as they discussed the concept of global culture in the Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto is considered as one of the world’s most influential political manuscripts in which the purposes and program of the Communist League is written. Nevertheless, this document also tackled the Communist League’s criticism of the Bourgeois In order to so, they also gave their perception of global culture and how this phenomenon affects the society. Marx and Engel began the Communist Manifesto by stating that the foundation all existing societies is the history of class struggle. They pointed out that early epochs up to the time that the manifesto was created the society is always composed of competing classes that are most appropriately described as the oppressor and the oppressed. The development and revolutions in history paved the way for two great classes that are directly facing against each other namely: the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. The formation of the modern Bourgeoisie is the product of a long course of development as well as the series of revolutions with regards to production and exchange (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisie is largely responsible in the changes of the mode of production, which give way to various modifications that greatly exemplified the idea of a global culture. The existence of the Bourgeoisie is dependent upon the continuous revolutionizing of the instruments of production and eventually the relations of productions. This includes expanding the market over the entire surface of the globe for the consumption of its products. Marx and Engel clearly explained the Bourgeoisie’s desire for globalization when they stated, â€Å"It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere† (Marx and Engel, 1848). In relation to the idea of market expansion, the Communist Manifesto also give due account of the concept of free trade, which is an important feature in achieving a global culture. The Communist League strongly believes that Free Trade is the main culprit in most people’s perception that personal worth is measured by the exchange of value that is most observable in the importance they give to material things. In order for the Bourgeoisie to pursue their objective of profitability by increasing production, they have to exploit other people by changing the way they think about themselves and modifying the values that they uphold (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisie’s exploitation of the world market is creating a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption of every country. Due to this, it is destroying the old-established national industries that are important in the national identity of a country. Industries do not merely utilized indigenous raw materials but they acquire it from the remotest parts of the world and their products are not merely consumed at their respective countries but also in every quarter of the globe. The globalization of trade also affects other factors such as communication. As such, the very way of life of the people is also influence wherein they adhere to the ideologies of the Bourgeoisie like being consumerists, which heightens the pursuance of this class’ interests (Marx and Engel, 1848). In this sense, Communists support the sentiments of the proletariat that they believed is being exploited by the Bourgeoisie. The league represents the common interests of all proletariats around the world regardless of their nationalities. They represent the proletariats in the different stages of development of the Bourgeoisie wherein there is an observable struggle of the working class. The primary aim of the Communist is similar with all other proletarian parties, which are: â€Å"the formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeoisie supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat† (Marx and Engel, 1848). Nevertheless, the Communist Manifesto clarifies that it is not after the abolition of property in general but rather the eradication of bourgeois property. In doing so, they can be able to uphold the freedom, independence, and equality of an individual that is taken away from him or her due to exploitative wage labor (Marx and Engel, 1848). Communists clearly saw the creation of a global culture through the revolution of production that the Bourgeoisie are responsible for as the cause of most of the world’s evil. Some of the detrimental effects that it gives are the exploitation of people especially the proletariat, the destruction of old established institution like the family, and the very self-value of an individual. On the other hand, some notable scholars like Henry Jenkins and Rob Walker perceive the new culture of globalization in a different light. Their works show the effects of the technological advancement that Marx and Engels noted in the Communist Manifesto. Henry Jenkins main argument was on the concept of Media Convergence. He asserted that the perspective that merely focused on technology is shortsighted. Jenkins emphasized that the real important factor is the understanding of the way by which individuals in the contemporary culture could participate and combine numerous media sources. Comprehending the relationship among various media forms can be done in a more in depth manner if the participation of individuals will be given due consideration. In relation to this, Jenkins suggested that convergence should be seen as a cultural process that is evolving and developing rather than a mere technological end. Moreover, he also elaborated that there are different sited wherein the negotiations between consumers and producers take place. These sites are â€Å"modifying audience measurement, redirecting globalization, re-engaging citizens, renegotiating relations between producers and consumers, redesigning the digital economy, rethinking media aesthetics, regulating media content, redefining intellectual property rights, and restricting media ownership† (Jenkins, 2006). Jenkins’ was able to seriously and extensively study the effects of audience participation in media culture. He was able to highlight the influence of digital popular culture on the behavior of individuals especially in terms of their participation in the field of politics. Rob Walker is also one of the contemporary personalities that has its own perspective with the modern state of production and consumption that exists in the world today. His arguments are centered on the concept of money culture and means of technology like advertising, music, and sequential art. The focus of Walker study is in examining the consumer behavior of an individual from the lens of business and anthropology. He discussed various products and the corresponding consumer trend that is was able to create. Walker attempts to understand the reasons behind consumers’ response to a certain product, which ranges from toothpaste to alcoholic drinks up to television programs. In doing so, he tend to critical analyze the a particular product by trying to understand the underlying concept of its brand name, target consumer, and even its effect on those who patronize it. Furthermore, he also tries to establish a connection between the product and the consumer by explaining how the characteristic or attitude of a consumer is reflected in the products that he or she buys (Walker, 2008). Marx and Engels’ Communist Manifesto calls the people especially the proletariat to take action in abolishing the concept of private property of the Bourgeoisie class that tends to exploit other people and destroy the very culture of nations. On the other hand, Jenkins and Walker also give emphasis in the participation of people in the convergence of media but they pointed out that this aids in the formation of identity rather than a mere way for exploitative labor. National identities are formed because of the existence of mass media that allows its audience to create their own texts and introduce their own identities that allows other people in the globe to see and understand other cultures. The existence of mass media in terms of the concept of convergence is already regarded as a cultural process in itself that allows people to develop their identities. In this modern age, mass media is not merely a technological advancement but rather it is a tool that allows people to participate and interact in the international community. References Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press. Marx, K. , Engels, F. (1848). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http://www. marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01. htm. Oregon University States. (2008). Definitions of Anthropological Terms. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/anth370/gloss. html. Walker, R. (2008). Buyingin: The Secret Dialogue between What We Buy and Who We Are. New York: Random House.

The Tudor Life In England History Essay

The Tudor Life In England History Essay People abusing the person in the pilloryThe Pillory and the Stocks; the pillory is a t-shaped box where the victim would place their head and arms inside. As others passed by they would throw food at the person and taunt and jeer at he/she, it was very humiliating. The stocks were used the same way, except that their feet were bound.http://www.duhaime.org/Portals/duhaime/images/pillory.jpg Ducking stools (especially for those women accused of witchcraft); Accused witches, were tested. They were dunked into a river to see if they were innocent or guilty. If the women had floated, they were considered a witch and would be sentenced to be burnt at stake, if they sunk, then they were innocent. Unfortunately if the women were innocent, she would have drowned anyway. Boiling in oil water or lead; (usually reserved for poisoners); for attempted murder you could be sentenced of the punishment of being boiled alive in hot water or lead. Cutting off various parts of the anatomy nose, hands, ears etc; depending on the crimes committed, you could be sentenced to decapitation of your body parts. If someone stole from the market, they could get their hand(s) chopped off. The gossips bridle or the brankThe Gossips Bridle or the Brank; for women who gossiped or spoke to freely, they would place a large iron framework over their heads, which formed a type of cage. There was a metal stripped placed so it could fit inside the mouth, and it would either have been sharpened or placed with spikes to a certain extent so that any movement of the tongue would inflict much pain and damage.woman wearing a brank The Drunkards Cloak; the punishment for public drunkenness, is quite astonishing. The drunk would be forced and fitted into a don barrel and wander through the town while local villagers laughed and taunted the drunk. Big holes were cut for the persons feet, head and arms. Being beaten; for poor Tudors who begged, they would be beaten until they passed the stones that marked the town parish boundary. The result was very gruesome and so were the beatings. Beheading; beheading was considered less degrading, noblemen would generally be placed with punishment of beheading. Sometimes it took several blows just to decapitate the head. The head would sometimes be placed on spikes on the London Bridge or other areas. This punishment was held in public for many to witness. Tudor schools: Not many children attended school, as they were mostly poor or had too much work in their lives (like farming). Although those that did go to school were mainly sons of wealthy and noble families. Remember that only boys would mostly go to school, as it usually wasnt considered worth the money to send a girl to school. Girls would either be kept home, attending with the house work or sent out to make money for their family. There were 2 types of schools in Tudor times The petty school ( teaching young children to read) The grammar school (teaching the children Latin and mathematics, religion etc) Boys began their school at the age of 4 and moved to grammar school when they were 7 years old. Basically it was meant that boys were educated to work, as girls were taught for marriage and operating a household. Boys were to attend 6 days a week. School started at 7:00 am in winter and 6:00 am in summer, both ending at 5:00 pm. This was a very large amount of time spent for the boys. Unfortunately no long holidays were offered to the boys. Schools would close for 16 days at Christmas and a short 12 days at Easter, and there were no summer holidays. A Tudor class could contain up to as many as 60 pupils! Much of the time was spent learning long passages from textbooks by heart, not only would this keep them quiet, but it would also save currency on buying books. The main subjects Tudor classes learnt were: Latin, Arithmetic, Divinity (religious Study), and English literature. Pupils would have to do writing with quill pens made from feathers, which would have to be sharpened frequently to make it work. Teachers were extremely strict with tolerance of the boys. They would often beat the boys with birches if they did wrong. A birch is specially designed type of cane used to inflict a lot of pain. It wasnt a useful method as some pupils would be too scared to attend school because of the beatings. Teachers used to give 50 strokes of the birch. But for wealthy pupils they could afford a whipping boy and whenever the wealthy pupil got in trouble, the whipping boy would receive the consequence. For school sports, it was a custom to bring money on Shrove Tuesday. Where then the schoolmaster would buy a fighting cock and tie it to a post. The game was that the boys where to take turns throwing sticks at the cock. If a boy hit the cock, it was his. If everybody hit the cock it belonged to the school master. Tudor cures/medicines Tudor times were very unhealthy. And from that it produced many illnesses and ridiculous cures. Following are some reasons why many Tudors had health issues : Open sewers ran through the streets and carried many diseases Toilets were only a hole in the ground outside the owners back door. Water came from village pumps, which meant that the water was taken from a local river, and that river would be full of filth from the town. Country people developed their own medicines for a cheap price, using herbs. But would you realise that you are buying from a person who didnt know the importance of washing their hands when handling your medicine. The Tudors did not realise that plagues were carried by fleas, making it harder to produce cures. People who travelled across certain areas carried different diseases that would spread to others and so on, causing a pandemic. The streets and villages were not so well looked after. Homeless people would sleep on the streets; people would get rid of their garbage in unhygienic ways. Littering on the streets was also a problem. These common illnesses had very interesting Methods of curing them: Headache; drink a mixture of lavender, bay, rue, roses, sage and marjoram. Or press a hangmans rope to your head Bad chest; consume a mix of the herbs thyme, campanula and hyssop. Rheumatism; wear the skin of a donkey Gout (swollen foot); capture a red haired dog and boil it in oil, also add worms, pigs marrow and herbs. Make it a mixture and place it on the affected area of the foot Deafness; make a mixture of the gall of a hare and the grease of a fox, then apply in the ear. Baldness; shave the head and smear with the grease of a fox. Or wash the head with a mixture of juice beetles. Or, crush garlic and gently rub it in the head and wash in vinegar. Plague; place the herb, rue alongside your windowsill. Small pox; hang red curtains around the bed of the patient; apparently the red light is the cure. Or burn leather which produces smoke to kill off the plague. Head lice; pour the liquid tobacco juice onto your scalp Jaundice (bad liver); carefully swallow nine lice dipped in ale, continue this each morning for a week. Tudor food: Tudor women, men and children in England drank beer, sherry, mead and cider and milk. This is because the water was not capable of being consumed unless boiled, only very poor Tudors would drink water. Common vegetables in the Tudor period were cabbages, onions, cauliflower, cucumbers, leeks, lettuce, spinach and turnips. The vegetables Brussels sprouts and broccoli were rare in the Tudor period. Common fruits were apples, strawberries, pears, plums, blackberries, melons, raspberries and lemons. It was believed that fruit was not good for you in the 16th century. So the rich ate preserved fruits like apple tarts. The poor could not afford preserved fruits. On certain days by law, Tudors had to eat fish instead of meat. This was made because of religious reasons, but in the Elizabethan era, it was to support the fishing industry as well. Poor Tudors had a dreary and unhealthy diet. They would only have a cooked meal once a day. Consisting of strips of meat or vegetables (if they could afford) also bread, cheese and maybe onions. This would give them very little energy for their day and make them extremely hungry. Their main source of food was bread.https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1MKLWEsMUswtk-k89-k4AuLZy8L_Of8ZLtDzInPzKc4KtZTtFFotq8p7iNqIlRmQWCHuyCrb5GuscqPRE6OcJzSaPTIdw77iO2s6idOmvSWz6sfkwngieFwnLaB7FTCcj9iIL2vzaMnJc/s1600/Tudor-seamen's-meal.jpg A setting of what a rich Tudor would eatThe rich Tudors could buy or hunt a range of meats. And they could buy rare fruits and vegetables as well. The rich would eat enough meat, but not enough vegetables. They had an unhealthy diet. Many Tudors used spices. Most of the food was heavily salted. It also could disguise the fact of rotten meat. The spices include cinnamon, cloves, salt, garlic, vinegar and sugar. Sugar was a rare luxury; surprisingly it was also used on meat. It sweetened foods and even disguised some that were rotten. During Easter, hot cross buns were made, but not always eaten as they were considered and kept as lucky charms instead. During Christmas, Tudors enjoyed having mince pies. The pies had a great significance as they had ingredients that represented Jesus Christ. Which were raisins, currants, prunes, cloves, mace, black pepper, saffron and a few others. End of the Tudors: Elizabeth (the last of the Tudor line) died at the age of 69, in 24th march, 1603. After her death, many began to reflect one of Englands greatest periods. The Tudor period, lasting 118 years that altered the lives of the English people. http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/tudors/images/march/life.jpg Tudor Life

Nderkohe qe shume lidera kopjojne

Nderkohe qe shume lidera kopjojne Nderkohe qe shume lidera kopjojne mjaft ide perteritese, Zell Miller [guvernator i Georgias 1990-1998] pa se nje numer i madh i tyre beheshin realitet [Ai eshte] po aq i vendosur sa edhe krijues. Mungesa e fondeve disponibel kurre nuk duhet qe te jete justifikuese [Sa per te nisur] dy arritjet e tij me te medha, krijimi i nje programi bursash per kolegje te njohura si HOPE, si dhe themelimi i arsimit para shkollor per 4-vjecaret e Georgias Miller bindi votuesit (elektoratin) e Georgias per te mbeshtetur nje llotari shteterore, duke premtuar qe te gjitha te ardhurat e saj do te shkonin per programe specifike arsimi [Tani] nje institucion i dashur i Georgias programi i bursave ka mundesuar pagesen e plote te studimeve per 300,000 studente te universiteteve publike dhe shkollave teknike, [dhe] programi i parashkolloreve eshte me i perhapuri ne praktikat kombetare. Ne qarqet shteterore qeveritare [Miller] njihet per transformimin e burokracise se shtetit ne nje instrument qe mendo n dhe vepron me shume si nje biznes. Ne 1996, Georgia ishte shteti i pare qe filloi te eleminoje Sistemin e Merites, kete grup te vjeteruar rregullash te sherbimit civil qe sberi asgje vecse pengonte pushimin nga puna te punetoreve te keqinj. Miller gjithashtu i detyroi agjensite qe te hynin drejt nje procesi qe ai e quajti riorientim buxheti Tani, agjensite duhet qe te benin 5% zbritje ne buxhetet e tyre te operimit nepermjet se ciles ata mund te vetefinanconin vete ke te deshironin Si nje Demokrat ne nje shtet qe po behet shpejt Republikan, ai tregoi se pragmatizmi eshte me efektiv se sa te qenurit partizan. [Kur] u be e qarte se shumica e Bordit Shkollor te shtetit demokratik nuk mund te punonte efektivisht me manaxherin e zgjedhur te shkolles, nje Republikan, Miller pezulloi perfundimisht bordin dhe emeroi nje republikan si kryetar me autoritetin per te zgjedhur anetaret e bordit te tij Une u perpoqa qe te shoh larg, duke pyetur se cfare do te thote kjo per niperit e mi thote Miller. Christopher Swope A Man with a Million Ideas, Governing 12(2):34 HYRJE Materjali prezantues ilustron nje karakteristike te shoqeruar shpesh me lidership, aftesine per te perfytyruar nje te ardhme dhe mundesine per te bere realitet kete vizion. Guvernatori Zell Miller i Georgias u zgjodh si nje nga shume zyrtaret publike te vitit ne v.1998 nga revista Governing per shkak te menyres se lidershipit te tij inovativ. Ai gjeti dhe solli ide te reja ne shtetin e Georgias dhe ishte ne gjendje qe te frymezonte qeverine dhe aparatin e tij burokratik per te bere te mundur qe keto ide te beheshin realitet. Kjo teme ne te vertete trajton lidershipin. Ai perkufizon dhe pershkruan koncepte te tilla si autoriteti dhe lidershipi, trajton se cfare ndodh kur nje lider shfaq me shume ose me pak lidership sec duhet, si dhe eksploron fuqine e moralit te lidershipit. Kjo teme trajton gjithashtu edhe variacionet e teorive si dhe stilet e lidershipit. Neqoftese liderat kane funksione specifike dhe ata realisht qe kane a ekzistojne te dhena karakteristike lidershipi qe i bejne disa njerez lidera natyrale? Kerkimet e shumta tregojne se aftesi te tilla nuk jane te lindura dhe natyrale. Nga ana tjeter, tema thekson konceptet e lidershipit negociues dhe transformues. Ne te pershkruhen stile te tilla lidershipi si drejtor, motivues, koordinator, katalizator, zedhenes dhe manaxher krizash. Ekzekutivet efektive jane lidera pergjegjes. Ne vazhdim diskutohet nderveprimi i legjislatures me ekzekutivin si dhe trajtohet menyra se si vlera e pergjegjshmerise shperhapet me funksionin e mbiveshtrimit te realizuar nga trupat legjislative. Duke pare temen e vlerave ne administrim, ne vazhdim diskutohen vlerat politike ne marredhenie ne marredhenie me synimet organizative. Ekzistojne konflikte vlerash te trasheguara mes synimeve dhe vlerave politike dhe organizative. Liderat si manaxhere te organizatave perpiqen qe te kalojne konfliktet e vlerave dhe te arrijne konsensusin. Pergjegjesia organizative efektive arrihet me mire kur materjalizohet nga anetaret e organizates. Leximi 1 Cari i Gridlockut qe mbyll kete kapitull, ofron nje rast ne te cilin nje guvernator shteti, Roy Bornes, frymezoi kedo qe ishte perfshire ne Autoritetin Transportues Rajonal te Georgias per te pranuar vizionin e nje teorie per rregullimin e trafikut, smogut dhe te parregullsive. Lidershipi i tij varej pjeserisht nga autoriteti i tij si guvernator i shtetit te Georgias. PERKUFIZIMI I AUTORITETIT DHE LIDERSHIPIT Autoriteti eshte baza ligjore nepermjet se ciles nje lider ka te drejten e perdorimit te pushtetit dhe te burimeve te ndryshme te nje organizate. Lidershipi eshte thjesht ushtrimi i autoritetit per te drejtuar punen e te tjereve. Lidershipi mund te jete formal ose informal. Kur ushtrohet autoriteti, lidershipi konsiston ne te aktivizuarit e njerezve per te bere dicka qe lideri deshiron ne zbatim te synimeve te nje organizate. Metoda sipas se ciles liderat ose manaxheret i vene anetaret e nje agjensie per te bere dicka kolektivisht per arritjen e synimeve te tyre eshte perdorur per te zhvilluar nje tipologji te lidershipit te bazuar tek stili i tij. Shkencetaret politologe John Harrigan dhe David Lawrence p.sh., karakterizojne lidershipin e shefit ekzekutiv, qofshin ata guvernatore shtetesh, ekzekutive krahinash, kryetare bashkish, ose presidente si nje prej kater stileve dalluese: demagoge, perkujdses, sipermarres politikash, dhe luftetar i frustruar. DEMAGOGET Nje demagog perthith mbeshtetje duke i bere thirrje emocioneve dhe paragjykimeve. Shembull aktual do te ishte Guvernatori Pete Wilson i Californise , i cili perdori nje fushate kundra te huajve pa dokumenta per te fituar rizgjedhjet ne v.1994. Demagogjia e tij mbi ceshtjen u transformua ne goditjen ndaj Partise Republikane ne fuqi ne v.1998. CARETAKERS Nje perkujdeses eshte nje lider politikisht konservativ qe e heq vehten si ruajtes i statu-quose. Perkujdesesit jane shpesh qeverises-lejtnante qe behen qeverises, por qe u mungon vizioni ose aftesia per te qene lidera te forte. Nje qeverises i Californise i njohur si perkujdeses ishte George Deukmejian. SIPERMARRESIT POLITIKE Nje sipermarres politikash eshte nje ekzekutiv progresiv, teper aktivist, i cili jo vetem qe propozon programe te reja por qe gjithashtu i financon ato. Kryetari i Bashkise se New-Yorkut Rudy Giuliani eshte nje shembull, ashtu sic ishte edhe Bill Clinton kur sherbeu si guvernator i Arkansas. Ndersa California e pa kete stil te drejtimit nga Earl Warren. FRUSTRATED WARRIORS Nje individ i tille eshte sipermarres politikash i pasuksesshem, qe eshte i paafte per te arritur vizionin e tij dhe perpjekja e te cilit perfundon ne stermundim. Keshtu e karakterizon David Lawrence kohen perfundimtare te Guvernatorit Wilson. Qeveritaret qe perdorin kete stil vazhdimisht drejtojne ekzekutivin, ndersa dega legjislative kontrollohet nga partia opozitare. P.sh., ne mandatin e fundit Bill Clinton ilustroi tipin e Luftetarit te Frustruar ne rolin e liderit presidencial. TIPET E PERSONALITETIT Presidentet, si lidera, jane karakterizuar gjithashtu nga llojet e tyre te personalitetit. Shkencetari politolog James Barber, per shembull, i klasifikon presidentet ne keto kater tipe: Aktive-Pozitive. Te tille jane ata qe deshirojne qe te arrijne rezultatet mbi cdo gje tjeter. Shembuj te tille te mire jane Franklin Roosvelt, Harry Truman, John Kennedy, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, dhe George Bush. Aktive-Negative. Keta kane nje nevoje drejtuese per te marre dhe per te mbajtur pushtetin. Nje personalitet i tille tipizohet nga Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, dhe Richard Nixon. Pasive-Pozitive. Keta kerkojne qe te duhen dhe te nderohen. Shembuj te mire jane: William Taft, Warren Harding, dhe Ronald Regan. Pasive-Negative. Keta theksojne virtytin civil. Shembuj klasike jane George Washington, Calvin Coolidge, dhe Dwight Eisenhower. MIKROMANAXHIMI Liderat e organizatave mund te perpiqen mjaft qe te drejtojne. Manaxhere te tille mbikqyrin nga shume afer dhe ne te vertete ata mikromanaxhojne. Problemi me manaxhimin e tepruar eshte se ai i shkurajon vartesit ne ushtrimin e autoritetit dhe te pergjegjesise se vertete dhe pengon zhvillimin e tyre ne manaxhere efektive. Kur liderat mikromanaxhojne, ata priren qe te jene aq te zene me te sa qe deshtojne ne zhvillimin e strategjive afat-gjata dhe te vizionit ne teresi. Presidenti Jimmy Carter u kritikua si lider per kete tipar. Kur lideri kalon caqet e artikulimit te nje vizioni te gjere dhe perpiqet qe te perkufizoje te gjitha detajet atehere ai po mbi-manaxhon. Perpjekja e Presidentit Clinton per te reformuar kujdesin shendetesor jep nje shembull te nje perpjekjeje te deshtuar qe rezultoi pjeserisht si pasoje e mbi-manaxhimit. Shume pak lidership ose manaxhim, gjithesesi eshte po aq problematik. Nje mungese e mjaftueshme manaxhimi mundet qe te kontribuoje per korrupsion ashtu si ne rastin e falimentimit te Orange Country, Californi, ne fundin e viteve 1990, kur miliarda dollare u konsideruan te humbura si investime ne aksione me risk te larte, ose ne abuzim te pushtetit nga vartesit, nje kritike e adresuar kjo deri tek Shefi i Policise se L.A ne v.1980, si dhe kundra Presidenteve Regan dhe Nixon. Esenca e lidershipit shpesh konsiderohet aftesia per te levizur njerezit ne drejtime te reja, orientimi i tyre ne vende qe ata nuk e dinin se kishin deshire apo nevoje qe te shkonin. Lidere te tille ushtrojne lidershipin moral. Ata perdorin bustin e tyre per te arritur lidershipin moral, si dhe poziten qe kane si nje bully pulpit (predikim tirani), ashtu sic e shprehte kete gje edhe Presidenti Theodore Roosvelt. Lideret e pazakonshem kane aftesine qe te frymezojne stafin dhe me pas te punojne se bashku per te vjele frytet e perbashketa te punes se tyre. Guvernatori Mike Leavitt i Utahut eshte nje shembull i mire. Ai u zgjodh kohet e fundit si Zyrtari Publik i Vitit nga revista Govening duke u bazuar tek menyra e lidershipit te tij si dhe tek frymezimi qe ai i dha shtetit. Ne kontrast te thelle, kur nje lider si p.sh., nje president humb lidershipin moral, aftesia per te frymezuar pasuesit me nje vizion per te ardhmen bie ne agoni. Presidenti Clinton dikur u shpreh teper qarte duke projektuar nje vizion te orientimit te kombit permes nje ure drejt shekullit te XXI-te, por gabimi qe ai beri ne gjykimin (aspektin) moral minoi aftesine e tij per te frymezuar kombin ne ndertimin e kesaj ure ose ne kapercimin e saj nen lidershipin e tij. TRAJTIMET E ORIENTUARA DREJT LIDERSHIPIT Lidershipi ne organizata administrative ushtrohet nga manaxheret e agjensive apo te departamenteve. Ne kete menyre lidershipi ushtrohet brenda nje ndarjeje te vecante ose situate organizative. Konteksti organizativ ndikon stilin e lidershipit ashtu sic ben edhe personaliteti dhe backgroundi i ketij te fundit mbi vete organizaten. Eshte pikerisht ky kontekst organizativ qe ndikon ne legjitimitetin e liderit. Se sa mire karakteristikat dhe aftesite e liderit ndikojne ne arritjen arritjen e qellimeve organizative e tregon kontributi ose shmangia nga llogjika e legjitimitetit me te cilen pershtatet manaxheri. Ne manaxhimin e nje agjensie, funksionet e nje lidershipi jane: Perkufizimi i synimeve dhe i misionit te agjensise. Te shikohet si mesherimi institucional i qellimeve te organizates. Te mbroje integritetin e organizates, dhe Te vendose rregullin gjate konflikteve te brendeshme. Lidershipi i diskutuar ne kontekstin e nje agjensie qeveritare perfshin tre nivele te dallueshme te pergjegjesise dhe te kontrollit: Teknike. Manaxheriale. Institucionale. Ne nivelin teknik, lideri i agjensise trajton problemet qe kane te bejne me rritjen e efektivitetit te performances se funksionit teknik, duke e pare kete tek aksioma : trains run on time. Lidershipi ne nivelin manaxherial perfshin ndermjetesimin midis niveleve me te ulta te agjensise dhe atyre qe i perdorin keto sherbime apo perfitime burimesh te nevojshme per te realizuar funksionet e veta te rendesishme si: blerja, marrja me qera, apo operacione te tjera te pergjithshme. Ne nivel institucional, lidershipi merret me zhvillimin e politikave afat-gjata dhe me sigurimin dhe mbeshtetjen e nivelit me te larte per te arritur synimet e agjensise. Shefat ekzekutive te zgjedhur shpesh mbeshteten ne stafe mjaft te gjera per te udhehequr organizatat e medha. Presidenti i U.S p.sh., mbeshtetet ne stafet e agjensive te ndryshme te EOP dhe te Shtepise se Bardhe per te manaxhuar degen ekzekutive. Presidenca institucionale bashkon ne kete menyre qindra anetare stafesh. P.sh., ne vitet e fundit stafi i Shtepise se Bardhe ka me shume se sa 500 anetare, (605 gjate administrimit te Presidentit George H. Bush, 511 gjate Presidentit Clinton), dhe EOP-ja e ka zgjeruar stafin me 1,600 anetare. Shtetet e medha kane ngjashmerisht stafe te krahasueshme dhe mbeshtetje te deges ekzekutive per zyrat e guvernatoreve te tyre. P.sh., dega ekzekutive e Californise ka me shume se sa 276,000 te punesuar qe mbulohen nga sherbimi i tij civil, ndersa guvernatori emeron me shume se sa 2,500 poste te ndryshme. Anetaret e Komisionit Special jane gjithashtu te emeruar te Guvernatorit. Dega ekzekutive e Californias ka nje strukture dege qe eshte tipike per shumicen e shteteve. Zyra e guvernatorit ne Californi sidoqofte, ilustron tipin e guvernatorit te forte, dhe pozicioni i tij ne hierarkine burokratike i siguron atij nje baze strukturore te konsiderueshme qe mund te ndihmoje nje lider te forte. LIDERSHIPI DHE MANAXHIMI Dy studiues te lidershipit Robert Tannenbaum dhe Warren Schmidt, kane trajtuar dhe zhvilluar nje vazhdimesi te sjelljes se lidershipit, e cila lidh rolin ose stilin e lidershipit me sjelljen e me sjelljen e manaxherit. Figura 2 prezanton vazhdimesine e sjelljes manaxher-jomanaxher. Ata argumentojne se lidershipi eshte me efektiv kur manaxheri ka nje vizion dhe adapton nje stil te pershtatshem te lidershipit ndaj agjensise qe po manaxhohet. Nje rast i mire per kete eshte ai i me Kryetarin e Bashkise Jim Rout ne Shelby County (Tennessee), i cili sherbeu si zyrtar konteje per me shume se sa 20 vjet. Ne v.1998, Rout u ngaterrua ne nje diskutim te nxehte mbi menyren e administrimit (te aneksimit ose bashkimit) te nje zone (krahine). Polemikat e cuan ate qe te kuptonte se sa e rendesishme ishte qe te adaptohej nje pikepamje rajonale. Ai kishte qene nje Komisioner i Kontese per 16 vjet, pas nje karriere te suksesshme ne biznes, kur u zgjodh Kryetar i Bashkise se Kontese Shelby ne v.1994. Ne levizjen per tu rizgjedhur ne v.1998, Rout trajtoi problemet rajonale ne pjesen me qendrore te fushates se tij. Duke fituar me nje diference te thelle, ai ndoqi linjen duke organizuar ne vend Konferencen Kalimi i Kufirit dhe duke fituar ndihmen e guvernatoreve te Tennessee, Arkansas, dhe Mississippit per te krijuar Aleancen e Guvernatoreve per Ekselence Rajonale. Zhvendosja e Rout ne perspektive erdhi pasi Legjislatura e Tennesseeit miratoi nje ligj qe beri me te lehte per qytetet ekzistuese bashkimin ne shtete te reja. Nje fluks ankesash erdhi vecanerisht nga zona e Memphisit, duke u ndjekur nga shtete ekzistuese qe kishin shpresuar te aneksonin territore te reja, por qe deshtuan ne deshirat e tyre per zgjerim. Rout kuptoi qe rajoni duhej qe te shihte pertej kufizimeve tradicionale te shtetit, kufijve te kontese, dhe madje kufijve te mbare shtetit per tu ballafaquar realisht me ceshtjen. Mendimi ne grup eshte nje problem i vecante i lidhur me shefat ekzekutive dhe agjensite e stafit manaxherial si dhe me njesite qe u sherbejne atyre, vecanerisht kur jane perfshire kolektivisht ne manaxhimin e krizave ose te situatave vendim-marrese. Deshira e forte ose nevoja per konsensus rreth menyres se manaxhimit te krizave priret te beje qe manaxheret e stafit tu thone liderave te agjensise vetem ate cka ata mendojne se do tu pelqente ketyre te fundit. Mendimi ne grup shpesh con ne katastrofe te vendim-marrjes per shkak se lideri nuk mund te drejtoje efektivisht nje agjensi kur informacioni mbi nje problem eshte i paplote, ose ne rastin me te keq, i transformuar vecanerisht gjate krizave kur shefi ekzekutiv nuk sheh dallime, nuk degjon kundershtime, ndersa stafi nuk propozon asnje alternative tjeter vec konsensusit. Lideret e agjensive efektive bashkojne te gjithe anetaret e organizates dhe i orientojne ata ne nje drejtim te ri te qendrueshem dhe koherent per te arritur synimet dhe objektivat e organizates. Boxi 4 tregon nje rast te nje lidershipi te tille. Nje tjeter shembull i nje lideri efektiv ne nivel lokal eshte George Sinnott. Aftesia e tij per ta transformuar Sherbimin Civil te Departamentit te Shtetit te N.Y ne ndjekje te planit reformues te tij eshte cmuar si nje model qartesie dhe zgjidhjeje. Suksesi i tij reflekton ne permbajtje nje shqetesim natyral per njerezit si dhe aftesine e tij per te frymezuar stafin e agjensise qe te ndjeke lidershipin e tij. Kutia 5 pershkruan perpjekjet dhe rezultatet e Sinnottit. KERKIMET PER TIPARE DHE KARAKTERISTIKA LIDERSHIPI Per te qene me te vertete efektive, lideret e burokracive te gjera (te medha ne numer), duhet qe te sjellin koherence per shume aktivitete brenda nje agjensie. Per shume studiues, celesi per tek lidershipi gjendet ne karakteristikat ose tiparet qe sjell lideri tek kjo detyre, ndersa studiues te tjere pershkruajne se cfare permban teoria e tipareve. Sipas tyre eshte besimi ose supozimi se lidershipi bazohet ne karakteristika unike, cilesi ose karakteristika qe i kane lideret dhe qe i aftesojne ata qe te marrin persiper pergjegjesite. Besimi ne teorine e tipareve (karakteristikave) supozon se ekziston cilesia e lidershipit te lindur, nje supozim qe solli lindjen e kerkimeve per aftesi lidershipi si dhe per dicka tjeter te nje tradite brenda administrates publike. Autoret e kesaj teorie perpiqen qe te dallojne dhe te pershkruajne tiparet dhe karakteristikat esenciale te te gjithe lidereve te mire. Per disa kohe dhe me se shumti perpara Luftes se Dyte Boterore, studiuesit e administrimit publik qe interesoheshin per aspektet e lidershipit te atyre qe manaxhonin burokracite e gjera, supozuan se lideret kishin dhunti ose cilesi qe i veconin ata nga te tjeret qe i pasonin. Ata besonin se lideret lindnin te tille. Lideret kishin karizem, dhe lidershipi i tyre bazohej me shume tek personaliteti i tyre se sa tek pozitat formale te lidershipit apo ne ndonje autoritet racional apo ligjor. Sugjerohen shume tipare apo cilesi, duke perfshire edhe keto te dymbedhjeta: Ndonje marreveshje se cilat tipare ishin ekzaktesisht esenciale per nje lidership te mire nuk pati. Te gjitha keto karakteristika jane te dobishme per nje lider, por asnje grup karakteristikash nuk mund te demonstrohej teorikisht si esenciale. Qe nga v.1960, rendesia mbi karakteristikat eshte pare gjithmone e me shume si e vjeteruar. Faktore te tjere jane pare qe te jene te pakten po aq sa ose edhe me te rendesishem se sa cdo cilesi personale e liderit. Disa nga cilesite e sugjeruara me lart si esenciale mund te shihen si kunderproduktive ne disa kontekste. Marrim p.sh., aftesite teknike. Qeveria ka vleresuar prej kohesh kompetencen teknike midis atyre qe jane zgjedhur per pozicionin e lidershipit ne agjensite administrative. Arsimtaret, punonjesit e shendetit publik, aeronautika dhe inxhinjeret e hapesires, kontabilistet publike, e keshtu me rradhe, ishin konsideruar nevojtare te nje grade te ekspertizes teknike per te udhehequr nje agjensi. Mbikqyresit e agjensive te tilla kishin nevojen e nje grade te ekspertizes teknike per te fituar respektin e vartesve ne menyre te tille qe asnje jo-teknik nuk mund ta arrinte. Studiues te tjere i konsideruan cilesi te tilla ne disa raste edhe jofunksionale. Organizatat e medha shpesh udhehiqeshin ne menyre joefektive nga mbikqyres te cilet shfaqnin sindromen e specialistit. Si bestseller i v. 1970 punimi Parimi i Piterit, verejti se mesuesi me i mire nuk perben domosdoshmeisht nje parim te mire. Kontabilisti me i mire, me i sakte dhe me i fiksuar pas detajeve, mund te jete nje manaxher i keq per koleget e tij te tjere. Ose p.sh., nje kerkues i shkelqyer ne mjeksi mund te jete nje manaxher i keq per agjensine e kerkimeve mjeksore. Sindroma e specialistit mund te udheheqe mbikqyresin qe te mbivleresoje disa aktivitete dhe te degjoje disa njerez me shume se sa te tjeret. Nje mbikqyresi te tille mund ti mungoje objektiviteti per ta pare perspektiven si teresore dhe ne unitet, gje e cila i nevojitet se tepermi nje administratori te pergjithshem. Ky arsyetim pranon thenien se eksperti duhet qe te jete on tap dhe jo on top. Vendosmeria eshte sugjeruar shpesh si cilesi qe dallon shpesh lideret efektive. Ende mjaft lidere te shquar ne qeveri dhe ne sipermarrje private shprwehen se neqoftese ka ndonje dyshim per ate se cfare duhet bere, atehere mencuria e manaxherit nuk sjell gje ne drite. Dhe megjithese karizma mund te jete pozitive ne shume drejtime, ajo mund te bllokoje dukshem disa sfida dhe keshilla te rendesishme te vartesve dhe te rrise rrezikun e vendim-marrjes nga mendimi ne grup. Me se shumti ne ditet e sotme, lidershipi eshte konsideruar si parashtrues, si nderveprim midis individeve. Douglas McGregori thekson se lidershipi eshte nje marredhenie qe perfshin kater variabla kryesore: Karakteristikat e liderit. Qendrimet, nevojat dhe karakteristika te tjera personale te pasuesve. Karakteristikat e organizates te tilla si qellimi i saj, struktura dhe natyra e detyrave te realizuara, dhe Mjedisi social, ekonomik dhe politik brenda se ciles operon organizata. Ky eshte nje kerkim dhe nje gjetje e rendesishme. Kjo do te thote se lidershipi nuk eshte nje prone e individi, por nje marredhenie komplekse qe gjendet midis ketyre variablave. LIDERSHIPI NDERVEPRUES (TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP) Nje tjeter pikpamje e lidershipit thekson jo cilesite apo karakteristikat personale te liderit, por ceshtjen kryesore, si u vendos nje lidership i tille? Trajtimi drejt nje lidershipi transactional lidhet dhe ka te beje me menyren se si lideri fiton besueshmeri (kredibilitet). Kjo lidhet me njohjen nga organizata te faktit se lideri eshte kompetent ne perdorimin e pushtetit te tij dhe te komandimit te burimeve te saj. Sipas kesaj teorie liderat klasifikohen ne tre tipe: autoritar, demokratik, dhe laissez-faire. Lideret autoritare jane te orientuar nga detyra dhe perpiqen qe te vendosin te gjitha politikat, te vendosin te gjitha detyrat, dhe te kritikojne personalisht vartesit. Grupet e udhehequra ne menyre autoritare ishin me agresive ne sjellje dhe me pak te kenaqur, por me prodiktivitet te larte. McGregor pa se agjensite e drejtuara nga lidere demokrate ishin me te kenaqur dhe produktive. Grrupet e udhehequra nga lidere te tipit laissez-faire shfaqnin kenaqesi dhe produktivitet te ulet. Ky trajtim supozon se lideret mund te trajnohen per te vepruar ne menyra te vecanta qe jane me te pershtatshme per agjensine, nje besim ky qe shpesh eshte provuar te jete asgje me shume se sa nje mendim plot urime. Lideret qe ndjekin seminare trajnuese per lidershipin shfaqin shpesh ndryshime te vogla ne sjellje. Ne fakt, nje agjensi e tere duhet qe ti adaptohet ndryshimeve, dhe jo vetem disa punonjes te caktuar. Ne boten reale lideret aplikojne stile te ndryshme, ne varesi te kushteve dalluese dhe te konteksteve situacionale. Organizatat, ashtu si dhe individet, mund te shikohen edhe ne aspektin e ciklit jetesor, apo si pershkruese te fazave dhe periudhave te ndryshme. Se cfare stili lidershipi eshte i pershtatshem per organizaten mund te influencohet jo vetem nga natyra e pergjithshme e organizates (qe do te thote me shume apo me pak hierarkike, me shume ose me pak punonjes profesioniste, me shume ose me pak teknike apo e pergjithshme ne sherbimet dhe ne detyrat e saj), por gjithashtu edhe nga kalimi ne cdo faze apo periudhe brenda ciklit jetesor te organizates. Figura 3 paraqet grafikisht ciklin organizativ jetesor. Se sa i hapur apo i mbyllur eshte nje lider ndaj influences se keshilltareve reflekton jo vetem personalitetin dhe tiparet e liderit por gjithashtu edhe kufizimet institucionale dhe aspektet e struktures organizative. Presidenca e U.S pershembull, eshte ne kohen e sotme teresisht e institucionalizuar. Pushteti dhe influenca brenda presidences reflektojne natyren e saj te institucionalizuar. Kush ka hapesire dhe influence eshte pjeserisht i vendosur nga ku pozicionohet individi brenda struktures institucionale. LIDERSHIPI TRANSFORMUES Nje tjeter perspektive apo trajtim drejt lidershipit eshte quajtur lidership transformues. Termi i referohet lidereve qe perpiqen te ndryshojne kulturen e agjensise si dhe synimet e saj. Ky trajtim thekson se nje organizate reflekton zotesine e liderit per te zhvilluar nje vizion te bazuar ne vlera per organizaten, dhe ta konvertoje ate vizion ne realitet duke e ruajtur ate ne kohe. Aty ku lidershipi transaksional thekson ndryshimin incremental (rrites), lidershipi transformues thekson ndryshimin radikal organizativ. Per te implementuar te tilla ndryshime lideri duhet qe te zhvilloje dhe te shese nje vizion te ri strategjik tek njesite e agjensise si dhe tek lojtaret kyc. Lidershipi transformues thekson edhe aspektin e Njeriut te Madh te lidershipit duke u fokusuar edhe nje here mbi influencen individuale te liderit mbi organizaten. Figura 4 ilustron lidershipin transformues, i cili fokusohet mbi sjelljen e te dyve, pra te liderit dhe te pasuesve ne organizate, ne menyre qe lideri ta transformoje ate ne menyre te suksesshme. Levizja e rikonturimit qeveritar e diskutuar me perpara perfshin shume nga trajtimet e lidershipit transformues. Keto trajtime per lidershipin pranojne qe lideret manaxhojne organizata me nje shumellojshmeri stilesh, vecanerisht kur ata kerkojne qe te transformojne organizatat e tyre. Ne vazhdim do te analizohen stilet alternative te lidershipit: lideri si drejtor, motivues, koordinator, pershpejtues (katalizator), zedhenes, dhe manaxher krizash. STILET E LIDERSHIPIT Fokusi mbi menyren se si lideri i cfaqet agjensise qe ai udheheq, natyrshem sjell pyetjen se cfare stili lidershipi eshte i pershtatshem per cdo organizate te vecante? Cfare funksionon mire tek nje organizate ushtarake, tek nje repart policie, apo zjarrfikesi p.sh., mund te jete shume me pak e pershtatshme per nje njesi arsimore apo shendetsore. DREJTORI Nje nga stilet e lidershipit eshte ai i drejtorit. Ky stil thekson funksionin e lidershipit duke sjelle koherencen per shume aktivitete qe kryhen ne menyre tipike dhe qe rezultojne te behen ne departamente te medha dhe komplekse. Lideri sipas stilit te drejtorit kerkon qe te perputhe synimet personale te anetareve te organizates, apo synimet e nen-njesive me synimet teresore organizative. Ne kete rast lideri perdor si bindjen direkte edhe ate indirekte per te reduktuar dhe zvogeluar konfliktet, dhe shpenzon mjaft kohe, energji dhe burime per te siguruar mbeshtetjen e duhur ne funksion te realizimit te synimeve teresore te agjensise. Lideret kane nevoje qe te kene nje vizion te qarte te perkushtimit ndaj atyre synimeve, te cilat konsiderohen si percaktuese te cdo objektivi personal. Lideri si drejtor kerkon arritjen e nje konsensusi te gjere midis anetareve te organizates dhe ceshtjeve ekzekutive, per te artikuluar qarte konsensusin mbi qellimet dhe objektivat e pergjitheshme. MOTIVUESI Nje stil tjeter eshte lideri si motivues. Lideret si motivues merren me cilesine e mbikqyrjes face-to-face, me perfitimet dhe nxitesit konkrete, si dhe me perdorimin e interesave reale te detyrave per te motivuar punonjesit. Douglas McGregor pershkruan supozimet e trajtimeve te Teorise Y ne sherbim te manaxhimit, e cila dukshem perfshin stilin e motivimit te lidershipit. Shpenzimi i perpjekjes fizike dhe mendore ne pune eshte po aq i natyrshem sa edhe loja apo pushimi. Njeriu normal nuk e mospelqen punen ne menyre te trashegueshme. Ne varesi te kushteve te kontrollueshme, puna mund te jete burim kenaqesie ose nje burim ndeshkimi. Kontrolli i jashtem dhe rreziku i ndeshkimit nuk jane te vetmet mjete qe te orientojne drejt objektivave organizative. Njerezit do te ushtrojne vete-drejtim dhe vete-kontroll ne sherbim te objektivave per te cilat ata jane te angazhuar. Dedikimi ndaj objektivave eshte nje funksion i vleresimeve qe lidhen me arritjet e tyre. Vleresimet me domethenese p.sh., kenaqja e egos nevojat vete-aktualizuese, mund te jene produkte direkte te perpjekjeve njerezore te orientuara tek arritja e synimeve organizative. Njeriu mesatar meson, ne kushte te pershtatshme, jo vetem per te pranuar por gjithashtu per te kerkuar pergjegjshmeri. Shmangia e pergjegjesise, mungesa e ambicjes, lakmia e sigurise, jane pergjithesisht konseguenca te eksperiences dhe nuk jane karakteristika njerezore te trashegueshme. Kapaciteti per te ushtruar nje nivel relativisht te larte imagjinate, gjenialiteti dhe krijimtarie ne funksion te zgjidhjes se problemeve organizative eshte gjeresisht, dhe jo ngushtesisht e shperndare ne popullate. Nen kushtet e jetes moderne industriale, potenciali intelektual i individit mesatar eshte vetem pjeserisht i perdorur. Keto ide supozojne qe kufijte e bashkepunimit njerezor ne organizata nuk rezultojne nga natyra njerezore por nga gjenialiteti i manaxherit, (ose ne te kundert nga mungesa e tij), per te vene ne funksionim potencialet e burimeve njerezore te agjensise. Nese punonjesit jane dembele, indiferente, pa deshire per te marre persiper pergjegjesi, intransigjente, jokreative dhe mos-bashkepunues, atehere Teoria Y e gjen shkakun tek metodat manaxheriale te organizimit dhe te kontrollit. Kutia 6 diskuton mbi nje lider motivues ne nivel lokal: William A.Jonson Jr., Kryetari i Bashkise se Rochesterit, N.Y. Ai udhehoqi nje ringjallje te qytetit nepermjet nje ekspozimi te nje vizioni te qarte te asaj se cfare qyteti do te mund te ishte duke angazhuar gjeresisht interesa te ndryshme te qytetit per te pranuar ate vizion dhe per te punuar se bashku arritjen e tij. Rezultoi nje nivel i dallueshem i ri-angazhimit civil, qe perfshiu rigjallerimin e downtown-it, ri-gjallerimin e brigjeve lumore, qendrave te komunitetit, dhe me zgjerimin e programeve te te rinjve. Levizja rigjalleruese u perhap pertej qytetit tek rrethinat e shkollave lokale dhe tek nje perpjekje ekonomike rajonale te administrates se kontese. Kryetari i Bashkise Jonson paraqet modelin e lidershipit transformues te pershkruar ne Figuren 4. KOORDINATORI Nje tjeter stil eshte lideri si koordinator. Ky stil pranon qe roli i lidershipit ne nje organizate komplekse eshte qe te koordinoje dhe te integroje funksionet dhe detyrat e ndryshme te anetareve te stafit te nen-njesive teper te specializuara, duke e bere organizaten qe te pershta

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart :: essays research papers

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a remarkable musician and composer. Mozart was born in Salzburg Austria in 1756. By the age of four it was evident that he possessed tremendous musical talent and music memory. His father Leopold who was a master violinist and composer decided to enroll young Wolfgang in harpsichord lessons. At age five Mozart was composing music and by age six he had mastered the keyboard. By his early teens, he had mastered the piano, violin, and harpsichord and was writing symphonies and operas. Amadeus is a drama of the 18th century in Vienna Austria, starring Tom Hulce as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Murray Abraham as Salieri, Elizabeth Berridge as Constanze Mozart, and Jeffery Jones as Emperor Joseph II. It is a biographical film that is as much about Salieri as it is about Mozart. Amadeus is a portrait of Salieri and the overwhelming jealousy he had for Mozart. From the time Salieri was a little boy he was consumed by music. He wanted nothing more but to be a legend in the music world, but Mozart is portrayed as a college preppy who is rude, arrogant and extremely talented. Although he is extremely talented it is also obvious he wants to be a common man in society. After attempting to commit suicide Antonio Salieri finds himself in a mental institution. He once was a court composer for Emperor Joseph II. He had written forty operas of his own and Mozart was his living idol. Unlike Mozart’s’ father, Salieri’s father did not like music and did not support his efforts. While a patient in the institution the story of Amadeus is related by Salieri to a priest. He tells him of his jealousy for Mozart and his distrust of God, because God gave Mozart all the talent and did not pass that talent to him. Salieri’s downfall occurred when Mozart was invited to the royal manner of Emperor Joseph II and simply astounded everyone. Salieri is immediately overwhelmed with jealousy. Mozart seems to lead a rebellious life but his operatic works simply overwhelmed the royalty and higher ups. At age twenty-six Mozart married Constanze against his fathers will. After his marriage, finances were extremely tight, due to the fact he was a poor businessman he eventually led a life of poverty. Due to the fact his wife Constanze was subjected to a plot of sabotage by selling Mozart’s music to Salieri. When she became pregnant the lady that stayed with them and cared for the family was also involved in an attempt to pass his music on to Salieri. Both attempts were quite risky since Mozart never made additional copies of his works. Prior to the birth of their first child Mozart’s father moved in

Zero Tolerance Essay -- essays research papers

Zero Tolerance: Doubtful Indeed Many schools around the country have been faced with violence and even actual deaths. Take the incident at Columbine, for example. Many schools for this very reason have proposed and in some cases even imposed a policy called, The Zero Tolerance Policy. The article, †Taking Zero Tolerance to the Limit† by Jesse Katz, is about the absolute ban of drugs and weapons in schools. It doesn’t work. It doesn’t work because it punishes everyone for the problems of few, it’s too extreme and there is still no clear line between what is a drug and what is a weapon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, the zero tolerance policy is very unfair because it punishes everyone for the problems of few. Even if you’re the best student in the school and have never taken any drugs or used any weapons except for the butter knife, you still have to feel uncomfortable as if you really have used drugs or weapons. For example, in the article by Jesse Katz, when it talks about the girl who got Midol to school and shared it with another girl with the sole purpose of easing menstrual cramps. Kimberly, the girl who had gotten the drug along with Erica, the girl that received the drug got a ten-day suspension. The parents of Kimberly got the district later on with a federal lawsuit for racial discrimination because the school suspended Kimberly, who is black, for 80 more days because she had the drug.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example from the article of t...

Relating to Life Struggles Portrayed in Tim OBriens The Things They C

Relating to Life Struggles Portrayed in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried There are many things that I carry around with me in my daily life that I both need and don't need. Although, I carry many more positive things than I do negative, I know that they are there and how I must learn to use them is essential. Even if I don't carry around physical "things" like the soldiers in the story, I carry around the thoughts and images of my past and of the opinions and judgments of my future. Troubles that I dealt with as a teenager follow me into my present life now. Sure, we as teenagers made some stupid mistakes, but there are still a few of them that haunt me even to this day. I have learned that they will never disappear because of how much of an impact it had on me, but I have discovered on my own when it is healthy and harmful to bring them up. I had disagreements with my parents and I saw their viewpoints as outrageous and unfair but I have educated myself to know that they were in the right, while I was in the wrong. That is something that I will go on to pass through my chi...

Comparsion and Contrast Essay the Welcome Story and What Its Like to Be a Black Girl Essay

Trying to Fit What do you do when you feel like you just don’t fit in with the society you live in? Since the beginning of time blacks women, have been recognized as women who don’t fit the traditional ideal of beauty. A woman of color comes in all different shades of skin tones Caramel, Golden bronze, Cocoa brown and Dark brown. Their hair comes in a quite few different textures, from tight as a thick rubber band, to curls about thick as your pinky finger. Most people describe black women natural afro textured hair as kinky, spiraled, fizzy or nappy. During the slavery-era to the early 1900’s black women in America, went from cornrows, braids and other natural styles. Some reasons for this as I grow up getting perms known as straight hair was a sign of class and Nappy hair was a sign that you were poor. With segregation no longer being an issue, blacks were now free to work their way up in American society, but they still faced white racism. Whites’ people saw black pe ople skin features as a sign that one is given to being sexual active, violence and lacking in intelligence. Many blacks lightened their skin and straightened their hair to appear more acceptable to whites in order to get ahead. When it comes to black women television shows, show how society should be in the eyes of T.V. and its monkey see monkey do from there. Black women have been villianized on television. They are portrayed as home wreakers and baby momma with several different dads or the lowest standard. If you ever see a successful man on television he is not allowed to be portrayed with a black woman. If you watch a music video, the star of the video will not be shown with a black woman with clothes covering her body. The media would not like to high light the qualities of black women because the executives behind the scenes aren’t black men. The goal is to make white women appear to be the best and highest quality of woman that Barbie. For this reason you will see interracial relationships between every celebrity athlete and the not a black woman of their choice. At this point a white woman on your arm represents she is super smart and very successful. Some people won’t fall absolutely for the trap and be with a white woman, but they still won’t marry a black woman. Black woman is demanding a new set of female definitions and a recognition of herself of a citizen, companion and confidant, not a matriarchal villian or a step stool baby-maker. Role integration advocates the complementary recognition of man and woman, not the competitive recognition of same.(duke.edu) The strangest thing about this stereotype situation is that many white women go to tanning booths often to get a caramel complexion of an African descent skin. Who created the monster of discrimination and Why? A question we will never know. Discrimination based on skin color, or colorism, is a form of prejudice or discrimination in which human beings are treated differently based on the social meanings attached to skin color. (Wikipedia.com) The â€Å"Welcome Table† is a story that is filled with religious symbolism. Religion is the theme of this story. This story is enduring in the sense that it shows the strength and belief an old black woman had to face during her trials and tribulations. â€Å"What it’s like to Be a Black Girl† is a poem that gives the reader an inside view into a young black girl’s transition into black woman-hood at a time where being a black girl and being a black woman was not as welcomed. In these two literary works, although the similarities aren’t quite the same they still have the same concept. In the short story The Welcome table you have a narrator’s point of view and ‘What It’s Like To Be A Black Girl’, you have the actual author of the poem giving her point of view from experiencing how things where . Although there is a cultural difference it still involves race and how it affects a one individual’s way of feeling and the outlook from someone else’s appearance. â€Å"The Welcome Table† was a short story whom was written by Alice Walker. She was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Georgia . Alice Walker is one of the most admired African American writers working today. She studied at Spelman College, Atlanta, and Sarah Lawrence College, New York, then worked as a social worker, teacher, and lecturer. She has taught gender studies courses at Wellesley College and  began one of the first gender Studies programs in the United States. Her publications include poems, short stories, and novels. She continues to write, exploring life situations through the eyes of African American women and advocating ways to approach challenges of sexism, racism, and poverty in American life. She took a brief break from her writing in the 1960s to live in Mississippi and work in the civil rights movement, returning to New York to write for Ms. Magazine. Alice Walker won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her 1982 novel, The Color Purple, and is also an acclaimed poet and essayist. This short story had a very compelling plot which is described in our text book as â€Å" A dynamic element in fiction, sequence of interrelated conflicting actions and event typically build to a climax and bring a resolution.† (Clugston, 2010) The first part The Welcome Table is told in the third person and shifts the point of view from which the story is told. The beginning of the story is told from the white people’s perspectives as they see an old black woman. The author goes on to describe the look of the old spiritual woman who eyes were blue –brown in color and where nearly blind. The old woman’s Sunday clothes high polished shoes, rusty mildew dress, and an elegant silk scarf stained with grease from her pig-tails. (Clugston, 2010) She walked many miles, alone in freezing cold until she came upon a church all sweaty and clammy. It was a church only for white people. She stopped on the steps of the church to rest before going inside. When she went into the chu rch, the reverend stopped her by saying â€Å"Auntie, you know this is not your church?† The white people are at a loss when they see her near the entrance of the church and do not know what to do. Some would have taken her in from the cold. But other judge her appearance makes some of the white people think of black workers, maids, cooks; others think of black mistresses or jungle orgies. Still others think that she is a foreshadow of what is to come – black people invading the one place that it still considered the white person’s sanctuary, their private church. As the old lady sat down on the church prewe chairs the old lady was sing in her head. The white women inside the church, who take it as a personal insult and feel the most threatened about the old black lady being at their church, they rouse their husbands to throw the old lady out. Still sing in her head now a sad song,  the old lady looked down the road and seen Jesus and died on the side of the road. (Clugston, 2010) Visualize anything other than that of an old poor lady being mistreated by racism. After reading and experience feelings of compassion when the author describes the unnamed old woman’s appearance and hygiene as she tried to enter the church. From the depiction expressed throughout the narration of this story, one could sense that this short story was created from the personal experiences or from seeing others who went through. The strangest part of the story is when the pastor call her auntie, either she was the nanny child who grow up with the pastorâ€℠¢s mother or father? Who they must had consider her as family without people knowing. â€Å"What it like to be a black girl† is a poem that was written by Patricia Smith. She was born in Chicago in 1955 currently lives in Howell, NJ. She is a four-time individual National Poetry Slam champion and appeared in the 1996 documentary SlamNation. an American poet, former journalist , playwright, author, writing teacher, and spoken-word performer. She has published poems in literary magazines and journals including TriQuarterly, Poetry, The Paris Review, Tin House, and in anthologies including American Voices and The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry. She is on the faculties of the Stonecoast MFA Program in Creative Writing and the Low-Residency MFA Program in Creative Writing at Sierra Nevada College.(Wikipedia.com) In this poem the author is telling this story in third person omniscient the poem tells the story of a young black girl exploring and experiencing the changes to of her body. Now starting to develop in many areas to become a black woman she feels like something is wrong with the way she looks. The author uses jagged sentence structure and strong language to also show the reader the importance of this poem. The writer gives the audience an insider’s view into a young black girl world who is feeling like she is one of the most ugliest person on earth. â€Å"It’s dropping food coloring in your eyes to make them blue and suffering their burn in silence. (Clugston, 2010) This poem speaks of the young girl changing her image by placing blue contacts in her eyes. It’s popping a  bleached white mophead over the kinks of your hair. The writer is speaking of the young girl putting a perm on her hair to straight out her hair. I respect the author’s reflection of the nine years old girl feeling and trying to fix everything about herself that the world tells her is wrong. The straightening out her hair because being black left you with kinky, curly, frizzy hair., the contacts you wear, the things you do to make yourself look more like the beautiful, blonde-haired, blue-eyed â€Å"white girl.† the television have protrude as beauty. When you’re nine, you shouldn’t feel these things are necessary because you haven’t fully developed yet. â€Å"Primping in front of the mirrors that deny your reflection† (Clugston, 2010) Is something many poor women did, but for the black woman in the 1950s it was about using press combs and making outfits to fit in and not being some â€Å"negro woman,† drawing attention to herself. I feel for the author wrote this poem in seeking acceptance from others. In my conclusion, the main character in each of the stories is a protagonist black female who both struggle with trying to be accepted in society due to the color of their skin. Being different is all about how you handle the situation. When one thinks their better than one race that’s when being different is a problem. Comparing these two stories there is racism and discrimination they had to face. Both stories express the determination of one woman and one young girl who survive through all adversity. The authors speak of the hardship one woman and one young girl had to face and suffer. Understanding the fear, struggle and those women of color went through during this time and now. Being different is what god made us. No one person is exactly the same even if the world was one color. Reference 1. Clugston, 2010 2. Wikipedia.com 3. duke.edu 4. poet.org 5. wordwoman. Ws 6. ehow.com 7. Literary Cavalcade;Feb2003, Vol. 55 Issue 5, p32

Religion in the Workplace Essay

People around the world have a set of beliefs whether they choose to believe in Jesus Christ or not to agnostic and gnostic, everyone has a set of beliefs which they hold on to. However the question arises on how can we practice it outside our homes specifically at work without imposing other people’s rights who may not hold to the same views as one does. How does the view of a utilitarianism, deontology, and relativism tie into this matter, and could we find a balance on both sides to come to a logical conclusion on how things could be run at a workplace. People seem to shy away when it comes to talk about religion and politics for good reason. One cannot come out of the conversation agreeing with the other side so they revert back to relativism which is a go to for some trying to avoid confrontations, but what about our rights to religious practice at work? Where does one draw the line? We were born with the freedom of choice, this includes choosing to believe in what others tell you, to listen to things etc. One can easily choose to leave the room or place, but where it gets troubling is if it takes place during a meeting and the other persons morals are founded strongly on their religious beliefs and they just might either make or break a company based on their decision or performance. Why though do we feel as if we need to have the right to express ourselves? Well as Mosser., K explains â€Å" because religion is such a basic part of a person’s self-conception, someone may feel his or her right to the free expression of religious beliefs is restricted by not being allowed to state them when and where he or she wishes.† A company may reap the blessings of a group or an individual true Christian and still not be biased to that  person only because of the good that is coming out of it. This would result in good for the greatest number of people according to a utilitarianism view. However there is another side to the coin even in the same ethical theory. Rule utilitarianism states that â€Å"allowing the majority’s religious views to be imposed on a minority does not create the greatest good for the greatest number.† (Mosser K.,) This also brings into light that people cannot be forced into something that they do not want to accept. Christianity was never meant to be forced upon people, but over the years it has been twisted to mean something other then what is true though there are those who still hold faithfully to what is right. Even at mandatory work functions one cannot force prayer or religious service on one without possibly violating state laws. Sam Grover explains â€Å" most likely any prayer or religious service that accompanies a mandatory work event or meeting would violate Title VII discrimination laws under the same reason used in Townley.† (Grover, S. 2010) The next question one could ask themselves how much is too much, when someone continuously asks to attend church or has their bible out on their office desk? Harassment has taken place in the workplace when â€Å"an employee is required or coerced to abandon, alter, or adopt a religious practice as a condition of employment† (Grover, S 2010) A person by no means base their decisions on whether a person is of the same beliefs and or style of worship to give them the greatest good even if that particular religion is the biggest in the workplace, and leave the others hanging dry. In an article written by ACLJ it speaks about prayer in the workplace as being legal, stating â€Å"In sum prayer is not illegal, unauthorized, inappropriate, nor improper – and as long as employees pray before or after working hours, or during official breaks, there should be no problem at all.† (ACLJ 2012) So the person cannot make it mandatory for anyone to participate in a religious gathering nor can they hold it against them in terms of gaining a status at a job, and make it into a utilitarian view on them. So what are the outcomes of the utilitarianism over an issue like prayer in the workplace? One can practice their religion on their own personal time as long as it does not conflict with work and can perform their duties while on the job. The greatest good that comes from this view is that all people are protected in some way or form, but we will always have those who have ethical egoism and that is what the greatest number of people are protected from in the laws that are set forth. Using the view of deontology (Golden Rule) it serves as a good foundation and rule of them to treat others. This view however when looked at and studied, that part of scripture is telling the reader not as a reactive approach, but for them to go and do unto others regardless of how they may treat them. Also, the way this view could be used and twisted is if another person from a different very radical belief thinks it is right for them to force it upon other people talking to them about it at work. No one needs to feel the stresses of a job and then put on top of that, dealing with religious views that one apposes. These laws that were put up were not only to protect the people, but also in a way for the religion. This does not in fact mean to keep going up to someone and throwing scripture at them, unless one wants to have a lawsuit against them and the company, but to be able to meet the other person half-way and realize that I might not like them pushing their beliefs down my throat either. Deontology ethics is grounded in the â€Å"Categorical Imperative† by Immanuel Kent states â€Å"The Categorical Imperative simply declares act as if thy action were to become by thy will a universal law by nature.† We should live our lives to help all mankind and that by this we write our own morals. Would we be okay with others adopting our actions and be able to live with what they do to us since we did it first unto them? If we are at a workplace and there are no regulations established on prayers in the workplace and no guidelines whatsoever set in place. Would one put their beliefs out there and start the religious movement at work by their  actions, but be able to handle and live peacefully when another religion that strongly apposes theirs comes into the picture? Is it better to just leave it at home rather than starting something that perhaps one may not be able to handle very well? Relativism works hand in hand with this issue simply because it is used as a means to get out of a discussion and end it at a peaceful ending instead of coming out of it with a reasonable answer. This only adds to the ongoing issue and cannot solve a problem in the workplace, there are those who by their faith need to pray a certain amount of numbers a day which can in turn affect their work and if given special treatment for this may cause some division amongst co-workers. With utilitarianism, deontology and relativism we see different ways on how all this could play out in the end and while trying to figure out the right decision for everyone. The laws are there to protect people from having to conform to something that they do not believe in but at the same time must meet the freedom of choice in the other persons personal views as long as it does not hinder the good standing work order. References Mosser K., Bridgeport Education Inc, 2013 Ethics and Social Responsibility Grover S., FFRF Summer 2010 http://ffrf.org/faq/state-church/item/14007-religion-in-the-workplace ACLJ 2012 http://aclj.org/workplace-rights/religious-expression-workplace http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/deontological-ethics.htm